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● 駐日美空軍(주일미공군)



橫田(요코다) 基地(기지) 主力(주력)은 괌(Guam)으로



讀賣新聞(요미우리신문) 2004年7月29日 15:21



美軍再編(미군재편)의 一環(일환)인 駐日美空軍移轉構想(주일미공군이전구상)의 全容(전용)이 7月29日, 밝혀졌다.



(1) 在日美空軍(주일미공군) 橫田(요코다) 基地(기지)[東京都(도쿄도) 福生市(훗사시) 등]의 第374輸送航空團(제374수송항공단) 實動部隊(실동부대) 全體(전체)를 괌(Guam)의 앤더슨 空軍基地(공군기지)[Andersen Air Force Base]에 移轉(이전)해, 司令部要員(사령부요원) 등을 240명으로부터 69명으로 削減(삭감)한다 (2) 駐日美空軍의 司令部機能(사령부기능)은 橫田 基地에 남긴다 라는 것이 기둥이다.



日·美 兩(양) 政府(정부)의 外務(외무)·防衛關係消息通(방위관계소식통)에 의하면, 構想(구상)은 美 政府로부터 日本 政府에 非公式(비공식)으로 打診(타진)되었다. 美國側(미국측)은 當初(당초), 橫田 基地의 第5空軍司令部(제5공군사령부)를 괌의 第13空軍司令部(제13공군사령부)로 移轉(이전)·統合(통합)시킨다는 意向(의향)을 傳(전)해 왔다.



이것에 대해서 日本側(일본측)은 『司令部(사령부) 全體가 國外(국외)로 移轉되면 極東地域(극동지역)에서의 抑止力低下(억지력저하)가 念慮(염려)된다』라고 難色(난색)을 나타냈다. 이 때문에, 美國側은 橫田 基地에 第5空軍司令部司令官(제5공군사령부사령관)과 一部(일부)의 組織(조직)만을 남기고, 主力(주력)인 第374輸送航空團 實動部隊와 C-130 輸送機(수송기) 11機(기) 등 航空機(항공기)를 괌으로 옮기는 代替案(대체안)을 提示(제시)했다.



實動部隊移轉構想(실동부대이전구상)의 背景(배경)에는, 아시아·太平洋地域(태평양지역)의 空軍司令部機能(공군사령부기능)과 輸送機 등을 괌에 集中(집중)시키고 싶다는 目的(목적)이 있다. 이 地域(지역)의 抑止力維持(억지력유지)를 위해, 陸上部隊(육상부대) 등을 迅速(신속)하게 移動(이동)시키는 輸送力保有(수송력보유)를 目標(목표)로 하고 있다.



그리고, 關係消息通(관계소식통)에 의하면, 럼스펠드(Donald H. Rumsfeld) 國防長官(국방장관)의 構想으로서, 太平洋軍司令官(태평양군사령관)에 처음으로 空軍大將(공군대장)을 任命(임명)할 생각이라고 한다. 이 포스트(Post)는, 지금까지 傳統的(전통적)으로 海軍大將(해군대장)이 맡아 왔지만, 空軍力强化(공군력강화)에 의해 아시아·太平洋地域 全體의 抑止力(억지력)을 維持(유지)하고 싶은 생각이다.



美軍은 괌의 空軍機能(공군기능)을 强化(강화)한 다음, B-52 爆擊機(폭격기)나 高高度無人偵察機(고고도무인정찰기) 글로벌호크(Global Hawk) 등을 常時配置(상시배치). 日本 周邊(주변) 등 極東有事時(극동유사시)에는 괌으로부터, 이러한 航空機를 緊急展開(긴급전개)시키는 態勢(태세)를 確保(확보)할 展望(전망)이다.



한편, 對領空侵犯(대영공침범) 등 卽應性(즉응성)이 要求(요구)되고 있는 駐日美軍(주일미군) 三澤(미시와) 基地[靑森縣(아오모리현)]나 嘉手納(가데나) 基地[沖繩縣(오키나와현)]의 戰鬪機部隊(전투기부대)는 現行(현행) 그대로 남긴다는 方針(방침)이라고 한다.



▶ 橫田(요코다) 基地(기지) = 東京都 福生市 등 5개 市(시) １개 町(쵸)에 걸쳐, 3,350m의 滑走路(활주로), 駐日美軍과 第5空軍(제5공군) 兩 司令部 등이 있다. C-130 輸送機 등이 配置(배치)되어 있으며, 軍人(군인) 약 4,000명을 비롯해, 基地關係者(기지관계자) 1萬1,000명 정도가 滯在(체재). 東京都에 의하면, 離着陸回數(이착륙회수)는 年間(연간) 2萬回(회)에 달한다. 輸送機는 日本, 韓國, 괌 등의 美軍基地(미군기지)를 묶어, 太平洋地域의 美軍 航空輸送(항공수송)의 據點(거점)으로 되어 있다.



http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/news/20040729i108.htm





▶ [意見(의견)] 橫田(요코다)는 戰略輸送(전략수송)과 戰術輸送(전술수송)의 據點(거점)이었다. 美 本土(본토)나 하와이(Hawaii)로부터 大型輸送機(대형수송기)로 橫田에 옮겨진 荷物(하물)은, 여기서 分類(분류)되어 三澤(미사와)나 岩國(이와쿠니) 등에 C-130 輸送機(수송기)로 옮겨지고 있었다.



그러나, C－17 輸送機의 登場(등장)으로, 戰略輸送과 戰術輸送의 區別(구별)이 不分明(불분명)해지고 있었다. C-17 輸送機는 大型輸送機이면서 未鋪裝(미포장)의 滑走路(활주로)에 着陸(착륙)할 수 있으며, 게다가 1,000m 以下(이하)의 滑走路(활주로)에서 離陸(이륙)할 수 있기 때문이다.



C-17 輸送機를 使用(사용)함으로써, 輸送效率(수송효율)을 飛躍的(비약적)으로 向上(향상)시키는 것이 可能(가능)하게 되었다. 그렇다면, 橫田에 司令部(사령부)를 놓아두는 必然性(필연성)은 首都(수도) 東京(도쿄)에 가깝다고 하는 것 뿐이다.



軍事效率(군사효율)을 생각하면, 괌(Guam) 集中(집중)은 럼스펠드(Donald H. Rumsfeld) 國防長官(국방장관)이 아니어도 누구라도 생각할 수 있는 아이디어(Idea)이다. 즉, 럼스펠드 國防長官이 大統領選擧後(대통령선거후)에 交替(교체)되어도, 이 괌 集中構想(집중구상)은 維持(유지)될 것이다.



이것으로 괌에는 現在(현재)의 空中給油部隊(공중급유부대)나 橫田의 輸送機部隊(수송기부대), B－52 巡航(순항) 미사일(Missile) 發射(발사) 爆擊機(폭격기)나 無人偵察機部隊(무인정찰기부대), 거기에 7月25日字(자) 로스앤젤레스타임즈(Los Angeles Times) 記事(기사)에서 紹介(소개)된 것처럼 F－22 戰鬪機部隊(전투기부대)가 集結(집결)된다. 더욱더 潛水艦(잠수함) 9隻(척)과 美 航空母艦 1隻이 配置(배치)되게 되었다.



그것을 생각하면, 괌의 軍事基地擴張(군사기지확장)은 하와이를 上回(상회)하는 規模(규모)로 된다. 確實(확실)히 아시아(Asia)와 中東(중동)을 노려보는 最大軍事據點(최대군사거점)으로 새 丹粧(단장)을 한다.



그러한 美國의 野心(야심)을 가장 警戒(경계)하는 것은 中國이다. 中國이 그 對抗策(대항책)으로서 행하려 하고 있는 것은 괌 近海(근해)에 潛水艦을 숨기는 것이다.



그리고, 橫田 基地 移轉(이전)을 가장 기뻐한 사람은 石原愼太郞(이시하라 신타로) 東京都知事(도쿄도지사)이다. 公約(공약)으로 내건 橫田 基地의 官民兩用(관민양용)이 實現(실현)될 可能性(가능성)이 높아졌기 때문이다. 石原(이시하라) 東京都知事가 생각한 것처럼 橫田 基地의 官民兩用使用(관민양용사용)은 時間問題(시간문제)이며 實現可能(실현가능)한 것이었다.



그러나, 現地(현지)에서는 騷音(소음) 등을 이유로, 橫田 空港(공항)의 開港(개항)에 反對(반대) 라고 하는 住民意見(주민의견)이 강하다고 한다. 乘客(승객) 200명 정도의 中型機(중형기)로 低騷音(저소음)의 제트엔진(Jet Engine)을 搭載(탑재)한 旅客機(여객기)라면 어떠한가.



橫田 周邊(주변)이라면 羽田(하네다) 空港(공항)까지 電車(전차)로 갈 時間(시간)에 北海道(홋카이도)나 沖繩(오키나와)에 到着(도착)한다. 低騷音의 제트엔진)이 日本에서 開發(개발)되면 充分(충분)히 생각해 볼 수 있는 것이다.



○ C-17 Globe Master III



http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/c-17.htm



○ C-130 Hercules



http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/c-130.htm





▶ 괌(Guam) 基地(기지)가 美軍의 軍事大據點(군사대거점)으로 된다



○ 7月25日字(자) 로스앤젤레스타임즈(Los Angeles Times)로부터



美軍施設(미군시설)의 擴充(확충)으로, 괌(Guam)은 지금부터 大景氣(대경기)에



앤더슨 空軍基地(공군기지)[Andersen Air Force Base]의 管制塔(관제탑)이 새롭게 다시 세워졌다. 6機(기) B-52가 常駐(상주)하게 되었다. 3,200萬달러(U.S. Dollar)[약 32億円(엔)=약 320億원]를 들인 B-2 스텔스爆擊機(폭격기)[B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber]用(용)의 空氣調節設備(공기조절설비)[Air Conditioning] 붙은 格納庫(격납고)[Hangar]가 建設中(건설중).



B-2는, 스텔스性(성)[Stealthiness]을 내기 위해, 機體(기체)에 고무(Rubber) 같은 素材(소재)가 使用(사용)되고 있다. 이 素材를 保護(보호)하기 위해, 괌에 있는 格納庫에는 空氣調節設備가 必要(필요).



아프라港(항)[Apra Harbor]에서는, 3,000萬 달러[약 30億円=약 300億원] 들여, 潛水艦(잠수함) 接岸(접안)을 위한 浚渫工事(준설공사)[船舶(선박)이 잘 드나들게 하기 위하여 港灣(항만) 밑바닥의 모래나 岩石(암석)을 파냄]가 始作(시작)되었다.



괌은, 向後(향후), 美軍이 世界(세계)에, 2-3개 갖게 되는 軍事據點(군사거점)[Major Hub] 가운데 하나가 될 것이다. 괌의 向後 軍事施設豫算(군사시설예산)은 總額(총액) 5億달러[약 500億円=약 5,000億원]로 된다 라고 美 空軍(공군)이 發表(발표)하고 있다.



글로벌호크(Global Hawk)[高高度無人偵察機(고고도무인정찰기)] 部隊(부대), F-22 戰鬪機部隊(전투기부대), 海兵隊遠征軍(해병대원정군)[MEF, Marine Expeditionary Force]의, 괌 駐屯(주둔)이 計劃(계획)되고 있다.



攻擊型潛水艦(공격형잠수함) 9隻의 괌 母港化(모항화)가 計劃되고 있다. 2隻은 이미, 괌에 配置完了(배치완료). 3隻째는, 이번 가을에, 괌에 配置(배치)된다. 潛水艦(잠수함) 9隻의 乘組員(승조원)과 그 家族(가족), 약 2,000명이 괌에서 生活(생활)하게 된다.



全世界(전세계)에서, 약 100개所(소)의 美軍基地閉鎖(미군기지폐쇄)가 計劃되고 있다. 美軍의 基地閉鎖(기지폐쇄)·統合計劃(통합계획)으로, 가장, 施設(시설)이 增强(증강)되는 곳이, 괌이다.

　

베트남戰爭(전쟁)[Vietnam War] 때 괌에는, 약 3萬명의 美軍이 駐屯하고 있었지만, 冷戰後(냉전후)에는, 5,000명으로 減少(감소)하고 있다. 航空母艦戰鬪群(항공모함전투군)[5,000명의 乘組員과 80機의 航空機(항공기), 多數(다수) 艦艇(함정)으로 編成(편성)]의 母港化計劃(모항화계획)도 있다. 美軍의 모든 計劃이 實現(실현)되면, 괌에는 약 3萬의 美軍이 常駐하게 된다.



○ B-2 Spirit



http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/bomber/b-2.htm



○ RQ-4A Global Hawk



http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm



○ F-22 Raptor



http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/f-22.htm





▶ [LOS ANGELES TIMES]



July 25, 2004



Preparing for Takeoff



A growing U.S. military presence is fueling an economic

rebirth on Guam



By Peter Pae, Times Staff Writer



The 1940s a cappella tune crackles from the local radio

station: "Sam, Sam, oh dear Uncle Sam, won't you please come

back to Guam."



It is a call that the Pentagon is answering with a

resounding "yes."



After three decades of troop reductions, the U.S. military

has quietly begun ramping up its presence on this remote

Pacific island. And most residents are putting out the

welcome mat, hoping that a renewed commitment from Uncle Sam

will revive the U.S. territory's slumbering economy.



The first signs of the buildup are visible from the control

tower of Andersen Air Force Base at the island's north end.

For years, the airfield sat nearly deserted, used as a

stopover by military flights and little more. But recently,

six B-52 bombers were posted here.



Meanwhile, workers are constructing a $32-million air-

conditioned hangar capable of housing B-2 stealth bombers.

The B-2 is nearly invisible to radar, in large part because

its special rubber-like skin absorbs radar waves. But the

plane is sensitive to humidity, hence the need for a climate-

controlled hangar.



At the south end of the island, work is underway at the

Naval Station at Apra Harbor. The Navy expects to spend $30

million to dredge the harbor so it can accommodate any U.S.

submarine.



"As of today, all of the Pentagon road maps lead to Guam,"

said Loren Thompson, a defense analyst for the Lexington

Institute. "There is definitely going to be an increase in

force structure in Guam, and a drawdown in South Korea and

Japan. Guam ultimately could become one of two or three

major hubs for U.S. activity in the world."



In turn, many of Guam's 160,000 inhabitants are hoping for a

rerun of the island's glory days.



Last year, devastated by typhoons, a slump in tourism from

Japan and a reduction of U.S. forces that began when the

Vietnam War ended, Guam's economy hit rock bottom. Its

unemployment rate climbed to a record 15.5% and home values

fell to barely half of what they had been a decade earlier.



"We all now recognize the value and economic stability of

greater military presence on Guam," said Gov. Felix Camacho,

46, whose father was the first elected governor of the

island and presided over its economic heyday during the

Vietnam War. "We really want them here."



Besides the hangar, about a dozen other construction

projects potentially worth a total of $500 million have been

launched or are planned at Andersen, the Air Force said.



Pentagon strategists are considering basing Global Hawk

unmanned spy planes, new F-22 fighter jets and a Marine

expeditionary force on Guam, which is part of the Mariana

Islands chain.



The Navy already has reactivated a submarine squadron on the

island that could include up to nine attack and Trident

ballistic missile submarines. Two subs already have been

transferred to Guam and a third is expected by fall. Nine

submarines would add more than 2,000 crewmen and their

families to the base.



The military's buildup in Guam has been felt at the Port of

Los Angeles, where workers have been busy in recent months

moving military cargo bound for the island. "It's just

getting busier and busier," said longshoreman Rob Lukin.



Military presence on the island has grown steadily since the

Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks as part of a major shift

in the Pentagon's positioning of military forces worldwide.

During the Iraq War, a U.S. Army invasion force had to be

diverted when Turkey refused military access. Pentagon

planners prefer to base U.S. forces in locations that are

free of potential political problems. Because Guam is a U.S.

territory, that won't be a concern, officials say.



Additionally, Guam is only a three-hour flight or a two-day

sail to most potential hot spots in Asia, versus eight hours

by plane or a week by sea from bases in Hawaii.



"Guam has a lot going for it," said Gen. William J. Begert,

who stepped down this month as the commander of the Pacific

Air Force.



The Guam buildup comes as the Pentagon is reviewing its

installations around the world. By May, a formal list of up

to 100 military bases could be recommended for closing.



Any strategic repositioning could affect all areas of the

Pacific from San Diego to Japan and South Korea, where local

economies rely heavily on the spending of U.S. military

personnel. Pentagon officials privately say that no other

location is likely to benefit as much from the realignment

as Guam, an island that's barely 32 miles long and 10 miles

wide.



The buildup appears to be trickling down through the

Guamanian economy: Pickup trucks filled with construction

workers line up outside the gates of U.S. military bases

every morning. And at resort hotels along Tumon Bay,

uniformed U.S. military personnel can be seen milling in

lobbies that once catered to Japanese tourists.



"The leading edge of any recovery is usually behind the

construction industry, and they've been really busy with

military projects," said Stephen Nygard, publisher of the

Guam Business Journal.



In recent months, Nygard noted, the construction of golf

courses and hotel renovations - on hold for years - have

finally started up.



Real estate agents also see a glimmer of recovery. The

island's median home price, which peaked at nearly $200,000

in 1991 before tumbling to $106,000 last year, has bounced

back in recent months to $124,000.



"It's been a real struggle," said W. Nicolas Captain,

president of a Guam real estate brokerage. In 2001 half of

all Guam real estate transactions involved foreclosures, he

said. During the '90s some apartment complexes were barely

25% occupied.



Captain survived the lean years by doing more work in

Hawaii, where he kept an office.



So far the biggest impact of the military buildup has been

on rental property because most U.S. military personnel live

off base in rental units, Captain said.



He recently leased to an officer a three-bedroom, two-bath

oceanfront condominium for $2,250 a month, up 15% from a

year ago.



"It's not skyrocketing, but it's healthy," Captain said. "As

time goes on, new construction will be justified."



In 1978, accounting firm Deloitte & Touche sent Jerold W.

Filush to Guam for a three-year stint. He fell in love with

the island and stayed.



During the economic downturn, some of his friends were

handling more bankruptcies than start-ups. Filush recently

began hiring again after a long lull and now frets about his

senior managers being lured away by his clients.



"It's been a wild ride," he said.



Guam became a U.S. territory in 1898. Japanese forces

captured the island in 1941 and the U.S. recaptured it in

1944. The island has numerous memorials marking World War II

battles.



During the Vietnam War, more than 30,000 U.S. sailors and

airmen were stationed in Guam, with more than 150 B-52s

based on the island to conduct bombing missions over

Southeast Asia. The military at that time accounted for

about 80% of Guam's economy.



With the end of the Cold War, the military pullout

accelerated and the number of troops in Guam fell to 5,000.



The island turned to tourism and for a while it seemed that

Guam had been unshackled from its reliance on the military.



Japanese and South Korean tourists, lured by the inexpensive

travel packages and relatively short three-hour flights,

flocked to Guam, lured by its sandy beaches and balmy

weather.



Dozens of luxury hotels, some operated by Hilton, Hyatt and

Marriott, were built along pristine Tumon Bay. Tiffany and

Louis Vuitton opened stores. With a line of hotels on the

beach and shops across the street, Tumon Bay resembled a

small version of Honolulu's Waikiki Beach.



By the late 1990s, tourism accounted for 60% of Guam's

economy.



Then as Japan's stock market slumped, coupled with the

outbreaks of the SARS respiratory ailment and avian flu,

Guam's tourism business sank.



"For a while you had people running around saying it was

depression," Captain recalled.



With many skilled construction workers leaving for jobs on

the U.S. mainland, Guam's workforce was declining about 5% a

year.



Today, with public sentiment in South Korea and Japan

shifting against the U.S. and pressure mounting for the

withdrawal of American troops from those countries, most

Guamanians favor a larger U.S. presence. In a recent poll,

more than 85% of those surveyed supported the buildup, said

Lee P. Webber, publisher of Guam's newspaper, the Pacific

Daily News.



One idea the Pentagon is considering is basing an aircraft

carrier group on Guam. That typically includes an aircraft

carrier, with 5,000 sailors and 80 airplanes, plus various

supporting ships.



Guamanian officials estimate that a carrier group could pump

more than $400 million annually into the economy and create

more than 4,000 civilian jobs.



Some Pentagon insiders suggest that U.S. troop levels on

Guam eventually could reach close to the record of 30,000.



With all the military construction, and some pickup in

tourism, officials on Guam believe its unemployment rate

will drop by more than half, to 7%.



"The island is in a good position for economic recovery,"

Gov. Camacho said. "We're anticipating a spurt of growth we

haven't seen in many, many years."



http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-guam25jul25,1,2390309.story









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